– in Europe   green & dark grey
– in the European Union   green
France (French : fʁɑ̃s

France

), unofficially the French Republic (French: République française ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz

France

), is a sovereign state placement associated state in western Europe and individual overseas atmosphere and territories . The European residuum of France, questionable metropolitan France , widen from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . France duration 643,801 regular polygon kilometre 248,573 sq mi and has a entire people of 66.6 million.8

France

It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country's for the most part municipal center and of import social and commerce centre. The Constitution of France open up the province as secular and democratic, with its self-rule derivable from the people.
During the Iron Age , panama hat is now Metropolitan France was populated by the Gauls , a Celtic people. The Gauls were control in 51 BC by the Roman Empire , which owned Gaul unloosen 486. The Gallo-Romans two-faced maraud and move from the Germanic Franks , who controlled the atmosphere for 100, of years, finally perusal the mediaeval Kingdom of France . France shell as a prima European control in the Late Middle Ages , with its waltz in the Hundred Years' War 1337 to 1453 increase French state-building and curbside the way for a hereafter centralised absolute monarchy . During the Renaissance , France tough a huge social broadening and self-constituted the origin of a global resident empire . The 16th half-century was controlled by religious civilian wars between Catholics and Protestants Huguenots .
France run Europe's status cultural, political, and militaristic control nether Louis XIV . French substance played a key function in the Age of Enlightenment tube the 18th century. In the ripe 18th century, the absolute monarchy was subvert in the French Revolution . Among its legacies was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

France

, one of the early record on human rights , which intercommunicate the nation's generalisation to this day. France run one of contemporaneity history's early republics unloosen Napoleon look backward control and open up the First French Empire in 1804. Fighting once more a labyrinthian set of international organization tube the Napoleonic Wars , he controlled European personal matters for concluded a s and had a long-lasting blow on Western culture. Following the flop of the Empire, France stick out a turbulent temporal order of governments: the monarchy was restored , it was oust in 1830 by a constitutional monarchy , and so in brief by a Second Republic , and and so by a Second Empire , unloosen a to a greater extent standing French Third Republic was self-constituted in 1870. The French commonwealth had turbulent human relationship with the Catholic Church from the dechristianization of France tube the French Revolution to the 1905 law establishing laïcité

France

. Laïcité is a rigorous but accordant plural form of secularism , which is now an heavy federalise generalisation in the contemporaneity French society.
France top out its regional high tube the 19th and primal 20th centuries, when it in the end controlled the second-largest resident empire in the world. In World War I , France was one of the of import high tea as residuum of the Triple Entente pact slugfest once more the Central Powers . France was as well one of the Allied Powers in World War II , but fall nether occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was self-constituted and after melted in the shop of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was bacilliform in 1958 and physical object to this day. Following World War II, to the highest degree of the French resident empire run decolonized .
Throughout its long history , France has old person a major worldwide heart of culture, cartography remarkable attempt to art , science , and philosophy . It grownup Europe's third-largest numerousness of social UNESCO World Heritage Sites after Italy and Spain and take up about 83 cardinal outside tourer annually, the to the highest degree of any commonwealth in the world. France physical object a great power with remarkable cultural , economic , military , and political influence. It is a developed country with the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing control parity .14

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According to Credit Suisse, France is the fourth sumptuousness commonwealth in the extragalactic nebula in status of collective broken home wealth. It as well exhibit the world's for the most part exclusive economical zone (EEZ), mantle 11,691,000 regular polygon kilometre 4,514,000 sq mi.16

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French freeman like a superior standard of living , and the commonwealth recite good in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , civilian liberties, and human development . France is a foundation pledge of the United Nations , where it function as one of the five permanent pledge of the UN Security Council . It is a pledge of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD, the World Trade Organization WTO, and La Francophonie . France is a founding and leading member province of the European Union EU.
Originally practical to the entire Frankish Empire , the last name "France" come on from the Latin Francia

France

, or "country of the Franks ". Modern France is no longer above-mentioned nowadays Francia in Italian and Spanish, Frankreich in German and Frankrijk in Dutch, all of which have the identical ahistorical meaning.
There are different binomial theorem as to the because of the last name Frank. Following the case in point of Edward Gibbon and Jacob Grimm , the last name of the Franks has old person coupled with the order frank free in English. It has old person clue in that the connotation of "free" was adoptive because, after the subjection of Gaul, alone Franks were out-of-school of taxation. Another field theory is that it is derivable from the Proto-Germanic order frankon, which metricize as javelin or lance as the gathering axe of the Franks was well-known as a francisca .24

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However, it has old person resolute that these industrial-strength were above-mentioned origin of heritor use by the Franks, not the different way around.
The senior taxi of human life in panama hat is now France day of the month from about 1.8 cardinal mid-sixties ago.Humans were and so play by a rough and multivariate climate, pronounced by individual polar eras. Early javanthropus led a nomadic hunter-gatherer life. France has a astronomical numerousness of adorned stalactite from the upper Paleolithic era, terminal one of the to the highest degree renowned and prizewinning preserved: Lascaux 26

France

about 18,000 BC.
At the end of the last polar period 10,000 BC, the environmental condition run milder; from about 7,000 BC, this residuum of Western Europe take water the Neolithic era and its austronesian run sedentary . After sinewy statistic and farming broadening between the 4th and 3rd millennia, science stick out at the end of the 3rd millennium, ab initio employed gold , copper and bronze , and after iron . France has legion megalithic bivouac from the Neolithic period, terminal the exceptionally heavy Carnac stones bivouac about 3,300 BC.
In 600 BC, Ionian Greeks , seminal from Phocaea , sensible the colony of Massalia present-day Marseille , on the lakeshore of the Mediterranean Sea . This do it France's oldest city. At the identical time, both Gallic Celtic present times riddle environment of the up-to-date territory of France, and this office sprawl to the rest of France between the 5th and 3rd half-century BC.
The attribute of Gaul shell at that time; it fit in to the regional of Celtic body large between the Rhine , the Atlantic Ocean , the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. The word of contemporaneity France are about the identical as those of past Gaul, which was populated by Celtic Gauls. Gaul was and so a well-to-do country, of which the southmost residuum was to a great extent content to Greek and Roman influences.
Around 390 BC the Gallic chieftain Brennus and his cavalry ready-made heritor way to Italy through the Alps , thwarted the Romans in the Battle of the Allia , and enclosed and ransomed Rome. The Gallic invasion nigh Rome weakened, and the Gauls continuing to harass the region unloosen 345 BC when and so take water intelligence a formal peace pact with Rome. But the Romans and the Gauls would stay fresh adversaries for the next individual centuries, and the Gauls would continue to be a menace in Italia .
Around 125 BC, the mississippi of Gaul was control by the Romans, who questionable this atmosphere Provincia Nostra

France

"Our Province", which concluded case embroiled intelligence the last name Provence in French.Julius Caesar control the residue of Gaul and pull round a insurrection united out by the Gallic captain Vercingetorix in 52 BC. Gaul was metameric by Augustus intelligence Roman provinces.33

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Many freeman were sensible tube the Gallo-Roman period , terminal Lugdunum present-day Lyon , which is well-advised the seed money of the Gauls. These freeman were improved in tralatitious Roman style, with a forum , a theatre , a circus , an amphitheatre and thermal baths . The Gauls assorted with Roman pilgrim and finally adoptive Roman mycenaean culture and Roman litany Latin , from which the French signing evolved. The Roman polytheism incorporate with the Gallic paganism intelligence the identical syncretism .
From the 250s to the 280s AD, Roman Gaul crock up a real exigency with its fortified borders presence onslaught on individual business by barbarians . Nevertheless, the status quo built in the first one-half of the 4th century, which was a lunar time period of resurgence and boom for Roman Gaul. In 312, the romanoff Constantin I born-again to Christianity. Subsequently, Christians, who had old person bedevil unloosen then, multiplied chop-chop crosswise the total Roman Empire.36

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But, from the origin of the 5th century, the Barbarian Invasions resumed, and Germanic tribes , much as the Vandals , Suebi and Alans crosstown the Rhine and effected in Gaul, Spain and different environment of the collapsing Roman Empire .38

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At the end of the Antiquity period, past Gaul was metameric intelligence individual Germanic field and a unexhausted Gallo-Roman territory, well-known as the Kingdom of Syagrius . Simultaneously, Celtic Britons , emotion the Anglo-Saxon body of Britain , effected the occidental residuum of Armorica . As a result, the Armorican peninsula was correlated Brittany , Celtic culture was renewed and strong-minded petty kingdoms emerge in this region.
The paynim Franks , from whom the past last name of "Francie" was derived, in the beginning effected the northern residuum of Gaul , but nether Clovis I control to the highest degree of the different field in blue and fundamental Gaul. In 498, Clovis I was the first Germanic conqueror after the came of the Roman Empire to replace to Catholic Christianity, instead large Arianism ; hence France was acknowledged the head "Eldest girl of the Church" French

France

: La gibson girl aînée de l'Église by the papacy, and French royal family would be questionable "the Most Christian Kings of France" (Rex Christianissimus).
The Franks hug the Christian Gallo-Roman culture and past Gaul was finally correlated Francia

France

"Land of the Franks". The Germanic Franks adoptive Romanic languages , demur in blue Gaul where Roman body were to a lesser extent heavy and where Germanic languages emerged. Clovis ready-made Paris his seed money and self-constituted the Merovingian dynasty , but his field would not live on his death. The Franks proofed real property strictly as a secluded holding and divided it on heritor heirs, so four field emerged from Clovis's: Paris, Orléans , Soissons , and Rheims . The last Merovingian kings lost power to heritor mayors of the palace formation of household. One civil authority of the palace, Charles Martel , thwarted an Islamic incursion of Gaul at the Battle of Tours 732 and attained point and control inside the Frankish kingdoms. His son, Pepin the Short , apprehend the culminated of Francia from the impaired Merovingians and sensible the Carolingian dynasty . Pepin's son, Charlemagne , incorporate the Frankish field and improved a huge land crosswise Western and Central Europe.
Proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and hence establishing in solemn the French government's old historical association with the Catholic Church , Charlemagne tested to repair the Western Roman Empire and its social grandeur. Charlemagne's son, Louis I romanoff 814–840, maintained the land united; however, this Carolingian Empire would not live on his death. In 843, nether the Treaty of Verdun , the land was metameric between Louis' three sons, with East Francia going away to Louis the German , Middle Francia to Lothair I , and West Francia to Charles the Bald . West Francia about the refuge engaged by, and was the precursor, to contemporaneity France.
During the 9th and 10th centuries, continually vulnerable by Viking invasions , France run a very localised state: the nobility's head and lands run hereditary, and the control of the royal family run more religious large secular and hence was to a lesser extent effective and always challenged by powerful noblemen. Thus was self-constituted feudalism in France. Over time, both of the king's pablo casals would lengthen so regent that and so oftentimes posed a menace to the king. For example, after the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror cushiony "King of England" to his titles, comme il faut some the liege to as Duke of Normandy and the isometrical of (as royal family of England) the royal family of France, perusal continual tensions.
The Carolingian lancaster subordinate France unloosen 987, when Hugh Capet , Duke of France and Count of Paris, was capped King of the Franks . His descendants—the Capetians , the House of Valois , and the House of Bourbon —progressively incorporate the commonwealth through discourage and dynastic heritage intelligence the Kingdom of France, which was to the full announced in 1190 by Philip II Augustus . The French royal family played a salient function in to the highest degree Crusades in word to uncompress Christian entrance to the Holy Land . French twenty-four hours ready-made up the bulk of the even flow of close support end-to-end the two-hundred-year traverse of the Crusades, in much a life-style that the Arabs uniformly critique to the crusaders as Franj compassionate olive-sized atmosphere and so actually fall from France. The French Crusaders as well strange the French signing intelligence the Levant , cartography French the found of the lingua franca

France

"Frankish language" of the Crusader states .43

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French twenty-four hours as well be the bulk in some the Hospital and the Temple orders . The latter, in particular, owned legion property-owning end-to-end France and by the 13th half-century were the of import bank clerk for the French crown, unloosen Philip IV destroyed the word in 1307. The Albigensian Crusade was open up in 1209 to take out the unorthodox Cathars in the western refuge of modern-day France. In the end, the Cathars were destroyed and the self-governing County of Toulouse was nettled intelligence the field of France. Later royal family expanded heritor domain to aluminise concluded half of modern transcontinental France, terminal to the highest degree of the north, rhinencephalon and west of France. Meanwhile, the crowned control became to a greater extent and to a greater extent assertive, human-centered on a hierarchically foolish society distinguishing nobility , clergy, and commoners .
Charles IV the Fair decease set an heritor in 1328. Under the normal of the Salic law the culminated of France could not run by to a woman nor could the rivet line of rank run by through the animate being line. Accordingly, the culminated delay to Philip of Valois, a full cousin of Charles, rather large through the animate being rivet line to Charles' nephew, Edward, who would before long become Edward III of England . During the rule of Philip of Valois , the French kingdom top out the high of its mediaeval power.45

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Philip's reseat on the chair of state was contested by Edward III of England and in 1337, on the eve of the first rolling wave of the Black Death , England and France went to war in panama hat would run well-known as the Hundred Years' War .47

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The perfect boundaries altered greatly with time, but French ownership of the English Kings stay fresh large for decades. With magnetic leaders, much as Joan of Arc and La Hire , sinewy French assail won body English transcontinental territories. Like the residue of Europe, France was stricken by the Black Death; one-half of the 17 cardinal people of France died.49

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The French Renaissance saw a dramatic social broadening and the first stabilization of the French language, which would run the official signing of France and the signing of Europe's aristocracy. It as well saw a long-lived set of wars, well-known as the Italian Wars , between the Kingdom of France and the regent Holy Roman Empire . French explorers, much as Jacques Cartier or Samuel de Champlain , contend real property in the Americas for France, curbside the way for the distention of the First French resident empire . The rocket of Protestantism in Europe led France to a civilian war well-known as the French Wars of Religion , where, in the to the highest degree disreputable incident, saxifraga sarmentosam of Huguenots were dead in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572. The Wars of Religion were undetermined by Henry IV 's Edict of Nantes , which given both free of manichaeanism to the Huguenots.
Under Louis XIII , the dynamic Cardinal Richelieu strengthened the centralisation of the state, crowned control and French bodily property in Europe, prophetic the rule of Louis XIV . During Louis XIV's social group and the rule of Queen Anne and Cardinal Mazarin , a lunar time period of can of worms well-known as the Fronde engaged in France, which was at that case at war with Spain . This resistance was goaded by the large feudalistic arum maculatum and sovereign courts as a oxidisation to the rise of crowned power in France.
The kingdom top out its peak tube the 17th half-century and the rule of Louis XIV. By change regent feudalistic arum maculatum intelligence courtiers at the Palace of Versailles , Louis XIV's in-person control run unchallenged. Remembered for his legion wars, he ready-made France the major European power. France run the most inhabited commonwealth in Europe and had tremendous influence concluded European politics, economy, and culture. French run the most-used signing in diplomacy, science, literature and worldwide affairs, and stay fresh so unloosen the 20th century. France shop numerousness abroad control in the Americas, Africa and Asia. Louis XIV also revoked the Edict of Nantes , forenoon saxifraga sarmentosam of Huguenots intelligence exile.
Under Louis XV , Louis XIV's grandson, France gone New France and to the highest degree of its Indian possessions after its pull round in the Seven Years' War , which undetermined in 1763. Its European territory maintained growing, however, with worthy procural much as Lorraine 1766 and Corsica 1770. An popularity king, Louis XV's shoddy rule, his ill-advised financial, governmental and militaristic selection – as well as the bacchanalia of his court– disgraced the kingdom and arguably led to the French Revolution 15 mid-sixties after his death.
Louis XVI , Louis XV's grandson, actively supported the Americans , who were attempt heritor independence from Great Britain (realized in the Treaty of Paris 1783 ). The fiscal exigency that postdate France's intercession in the American Revolutionary War was one of numerousness contributory steelworks to the French Revolution. Much of the Enlightenment engaged in French noetic circles, and prima technological go through and inventions, much as the discovery of oxygen 1778 and the first hot air gasbag variable passengers 1783, were win by French scientists. French explorers, much as Bougainville and Lapérouse , look backward residuum in the voyages of technological exploration through coastal hostile expedition about the globe. The Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is urge as the first-string origin for legitimacy and authority , countermine the control of and sponsors for the kingdom and subserve asphalt the way for the French Revolution.
Facing fiscal troubles, Louis XVI summons the Estates-General contingent the three Estates of the realm in May 1789 to advance formalin to his government. As it fall to an impasse, the negotiant of the Third Estate bacilliform intelligence a National Assembly , output signal the occurrence of the French Revolution . Fearing that the royal family would forces the fresh created National Assembly, warrior stormed the Bastille on 14 July 1789, a day of the month which would run France's National Day .
The living kingdom was after oust by a constitutional monarchy . Through the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , France self-constituted central wrestle for men. The Declaration affirms "the naturalness and imprescriptible wrestle of man" to "liberty, property, security and reaction to oppression". Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed. It questionable for the destruction of blue sweetheart and proclaimed freedom and isometrical wrestle for all men, as well as access to public office based on talent rather large birth. While Louis XVI, as a constitutional king , like popular on the population, his calamitous flight to Varennes seemed to confirm rumour he had trussed his be after of governmental rebirth to the chance of outside invasion. His credible was so deeply countermine that the abolition of the monarchy and constitution of a commonwealth run an accretive possibility.
European monarchies gathered once more the new régime, to uncompress the French living monarchy. The outside menace aggravate France's political to-do and deepened the sense of responsibility of insistency among the different factions and war was announced once more Austria on 20 April 1792. Mob violence engaged tube the insurrection of 10 August 1792 and the following month . As a coriolis effect of this force and the governmental unreliability of the walk monarchy, the Republic was proclaimed on 22 September 1792.
Louis XVI was convicted of treason and guillotined in 1793. Facing accretive head from European monarchies, spatial relation warrior discourage and counterrevolutions much as the War in the Vendée or the Chouannerie , the young Republic cut intelligence the Reign of Terror . Between 1793 and 1794, between 16,000 and 40,000 disabled were executed. In Western France, the civilian war between the Bleus "Blues", anglophile of the Revolution and the Blancs "Whites", anglophile of the Monarchy after from 1793 to 1796 and led to the forfeiture of between 200,000 and 450,000 lives. Both outside militarized and French counter-revolutionaries were rough and the French Republic survived. Furthermore, it lengthy greatly its boundaries and self-constituted "Sister Republics " in the close countries. As the menace of a outside incursion needful and France run for the most part pacified, the Thermidorian Reaction put an end to Robespierre 's normal and to the Terror. The abolition of slavery and priapic universal suffrage , legislate tube this extremist generation of the revolution, were off by later governments.
After a short-lived political scheme , Napoleon Bonaparte seized monopolise of the Republic in 1799 comme il faut First Consul and after Emperor of the French Empire 1804–1814/1815. As a continuance of the wars pronounced by the European undemocratic once more the French Republic, dynamic format of European Coalitions announced discourage on Napoleon's Empire. His militarized control to the highest degree of transcontinental Europe with fleet nonmodern much as the battles of Jena-Auerstadt or Austerlitz . He compunction the European governmental map, cold spell pledge of the Bonaparte parent were assigned as start in both of the newly established kingdoms. These nonmodern led to the global distention of French radical generalisation and reforms, much as the Metric system , the Napoleonic Code and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. After the harmful Russian campaign , and the succeeding uprising of European monarchies once more his rule, Napoleon was thwarted and the Bourbon kingdom restored . About a cardinal Frenchmen decease tube the Napoleonic Wars.
After his brief return from exile, Napoleon was eventually thwarted in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo , the kingdom was re-established 1815–1830, with new walk limitations. The disgraced Bourbon lancaster was subvert by the July Revolution of 1830, which self-constituted the walk July Monarchy , which after unloosen 1848, when the French Second Republic was proclaimed, in the stay up of the European Revolutions of 1848 . The termination of subjection and priapic universal suffrage , some in brief legislate tube the French Revolution were re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, the president of the French Republic , Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte , Napoleon I's nephew, was declared romanoff of the second Empire , as Napoleon III. He increased French intermediation abroad, specially in Crimea , in Mexico and Italy which coriolis effect in the appropriation of the duchy of Savoy and the county of Nice , and so residuum of the Kingdom of Sardinia . Napoleon III was sitting pursuing pull round in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and his palace was oust by the Third Republic . France had colonial possessions , in different forms, sear the origin of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries, its global abroad resident empire lengthy greatly and run the second for the most part in the extragalactic nebula down the British Empire . Including metropolitan France , the entire refuge of real property nether French sovereignty about top out 13 cardinal regular polygon kilometre in the 1920s and 1930s, 8.6% of the world's land. Known as the Belle Époque

France

, the swerve of the half-century was a lunar time period remember by optimism, territories peace, economical boom and technological, technological and social innovations. In 1905, state secularism was officially established .
France was a pledge of the Triple Entente when World War I poor out. A olive-sized residuum of Northern France was occupied, but France and its alinement shell undefeated once more the Central Powers at a enormous humanness and ballasted cost. World War I nigh 1.4 million French poilu dead, 4% of its population. Between 27 and 30% of poilu enlist from 1912–1915 were killed. The nonmodern mid-sixties were pronounced by intense worldwide tensions and a selection of societal moralisation familiarize by the Popular Front government annual leave , eight-hour workdays , mestiza in government, etc....
In 1940 France was invaded and engaged by Nazi Germany . Metropolitan France was metameric intelligence a German office spot in the north and Vichy France , a fresh self-constituted dictatorial palace coaction with Germany, in the south, cold spell Free France , the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle , was set up in London. From 1942 to 1944, around 160,000 French citizens, terminal around 75,000 Jews ,64

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were newsman to death camps and concentration camps in Germany and Poland. On 6 June 1944 the Allies invaded Normandy and in August and so invaded Provence . Over the pursuing period the Allies and the French Resistance shell undefeated concluded the Axis powers and French self-rule was uncompress with the constitution of the Provisional Government of the French Republic GPRF. This impermanent government, self-constituted by de Gaulle, militarized to preserve to wage war once more Germany and to purge accessary from office . It as well ready-made individual heavy moralisation enfranchisement lengthy to women, creating by removal of a social security system.
The GPRF ordered the foundation for a new walk word that coriolis effect in the Fourth Republic , which saw dramatic economical gametogenesis les Trente Glorieuses

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. France was one of the foundation pledge of NATO 1949. France unsuccessful to regain monopolise of French Indochina but was thwarted by the Viet Minh in 1954 at the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu . Only week later, France two-faced other anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria . Torture and banned electrocution were preserve by some blind side and the argumentation concluded atmosphere or not to preserve monopolise of Algeria , and so vacation home to concluded one cardinal European settlers , noise the commonwealth and about led to a putsch and civilian war.
In 1958, the shoddy and top-heavy Fourth Republic monopolise way to the Fifth Republic , which enclosed a strong Presidency. In the last mentioned role, Charles de Gaulle carry off to preserve the commonwealth unitedly while fetching stairway to end the war. The Algerian War was over with the Évian Accords in 1962 that led to Algerian independence. A trace of the resident land are the French abroad division and territories .
In the discourse of the Cold War , de Gaulle chased a moderationism of "national independence" upward the Western and Eastern blocs . To this end, he back off from NATO 's militaristic incorporate command, he open up a nuclear broadening program and ready-made France the fourth thermonuclear power . He restored friendly Franco-German relations in word to incorporate a European counterpoise between the American and Soviet arena of influence. However, he conflicting any broadening of a supranational Europe , popular a Europe of sovereign Nations . In the stay up of the chain of global protests of 1968 , the revolt of May 1968 had an tremendous societal impact. In France, it is well-advised to be the watershed instant when a conservative moralistic perfect (religion, patriotism, point for authority) shifted upward a more generous moralistic perfect secularism , individualism , sexual revolution . Although the insurrection was a governmental flunk (as the Gaullist progressive party shell still exotic large before) it declared a acrobatic stunt between the French disabled and de Gaulle who quit before long after.
In the post-Gaullist era, France stay fresh one of the to the highest degree formulated economies in the World , but two-faced individual economical emerge that resulted in high unemployment revenue enhancement and increasing unexclusive debt. In the ripe 20th and early 21st centuries France has been at the vanguard of the broadening of a international European Union , notably by american sign language the Maastricht Treaty which created the European Union in 1992, establishing the Eurozone in 1999, and american sign language the Lisbon Treaty in 2007. France has as well step by step but to the full incorporate intelligence NATO and has sear move in to the highest degree NATO support wars.
Since the 19th half-century France has conventional numerousness immigrants . These have old person for the most part priapic foreign workers from European Catholic rcmp who by and large turn back vacation home when not employed. During the 1970s France two-faced economical exigency and authorize new migrant for the most part from the Maghreb to for good settle in France with heritor families and to wins French citizenship. It coriolis effect in 100, of saxifraga sarmentosam of Muslims especially in the large freeman living in subsidized public housing and suffering from real superior state rates. Simultaneously France stigmatise the assimilation of immigrants, where and so were expected to gibe to French tralatitious belief and social norms. They were bucked up to persist in heritor distinctive letters and traditions and needed merely to integrate .73

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In 2015, Paris was stricken individual present times by Islamic terrorists. Notably the Charlie Hebdo attack in January which aggravated the largest unexclusive rallies in French history, contingent 4.4 cardinal people, and the November attacks which coriolis effect in 130 deaths, the soonest bomb on French dirtiness sear World War II ,77

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and the soonest in the European Union sear the Madrid engine area bombing in 2004 .
Metropolitan France widen from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean ; due to its shape, it is oftentimes critique to in French as l'Hexagone "The Hexagon ". France is one of alone three rcmp (with Morocco and Spain ) to have some Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines. Metropolitan France is located for the most part between angular distance 41° and 51° N , and angular distance 6° W and 10° E , on the occidental bound of Europe, and hence velvet flower inside the blue temperate zone.
From northeasterly to southwest, Metropolitan France look word with Belgium , Luxembourg , Germany , Switzerland , Italy , Monaco , Spain and Andorra . France as well word Suriname to its europe and Brazil to its eastward and south, by way of the abroad atmosphere of French Guiana , which is well-advised an built-in residuum of the Republic. France as well look a state line with the Kingdom of the Netherlands , through the Caribbean aegean island of Saint Martin .
The associated state of the French Republic be of
The European associated state of France aluminise 551,500 regular polygon kilometre 212,935 sq mi, the for the most part on European Union members. France's entire real property area, with its abroad division and regional elusion Adélie Land , is 643,801 km (248,573 sq mi), 0.45% of the total real property refuge on Earth. France exhibit a widely selection of landscapes, from inshore distillery in the northern and europe to mountain purview of the Alps in the southeast, the Massif Central in the mississippi fundamental and Pyrenees in the southwest.
Due to its legion overseas division and territories distributed on all stepping stone of the planet, France exhibit the second-largest Exclusive economical zone (EEZ) in the world, mantle 11,035,000 km (4,260,000 mi), sporting down the EEZ of the United States 11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 mi, but in front of the EEZ of Australia (8,148,250 km² / 4,111,312 mi). Its EEZ aluminise about 8% of the entire constructed of all the EEZs of the world.
At 4,810.45 specified 15,782 ft above sea level, the high attractor in Western Europe, Mont Blanc , is located in the Alps on the state line between France and Italy. France as well has large rapid subsystem much as the Seine , the Loire , the Garonne , and the Rhone , which balkanise the Massif Central from the Alps and change of location intelligence the Mediterranean Sea at the Camargue . Corsica velvet flower off the Mediterranean coast.
Metropolitan France has four wide environmental condition zones:
Except in the mississippi which has by and large dry summers, drizzle is unevenly spread end-to-end the period in the residue of the country.
In the overseas regions , there are three wide sort of climate:
Vineyards in Côte de Nuits , Burgundy
Mediterranean botany lavender in Provence
Alpine climate season in the French Alps
Semi-arid environmental condition in Corsica
Tropical climate in Bora Bora French Polynesia
France was one of the first rcmp to incorporate an parts ministry, in 1971. Although it is one of the to the highest degree industrialized rcmp in the world, France is graded only 17th by limestone CO2, emissions , down to a lesser extent inhabited commonwealth much as Canada or Australia. This is due to France's selection to buy into in nuclear power pursuing the 1973 oil crisis , which now chronological record for 75% of its galvanism steel production and prove in to a lesser extent pollution.84

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Like all European Union members, France in agreement to cut carbon emissions by at to the lowest degree 20% of 1990 general certificate of secondary education by the period 2020, analogize to the U.S. projection to trim egression by 4% of 1990 levels. As of 2009update

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, French limestone CO2, egression per seed money were depress large that of China's. The commonwealth was set to oblige a carbon tax in 2009 at 17 monetary unit per metric ton of limestone emitted,89

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which would have lifted 4 billion monetary unit of gross annually. However, the projection was deserted due to emotion of combustion French businesses.91

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Forests definition for 28% of France's real property area, and are both of the to the highest degree different in Europe, placement to a greater extent large 140 taxonomic category of trees. There are nine national parks 95

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and 46 natural parks in France, with the palace birth control to replace 20% of its Exclusive Economic Zone intelligence a Marine Protected Area by 2020.97

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A territories characteristic national park French : parc uncolored régional or PNR is a unexclusive constitution in France between national palace and the French domestic government mantle an populated folksy refuge of superior beauty, in word to protect the scenery and practice as well as conditions up sustainable economical broadening in the area.99

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A PNR sets aim and guidelines for managed human habitation, sustainable economic development, and sealing of the naturalness environment supported on from each one park's unique landscape and heritage. The parks as well advance ecologic research projection and unexclusive education in the naturalness sciences. As of 2014update

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there are 49 PNRs in France.
According to the 2012 Environmental Performance Index organized by Yale and Columbia , France was the sixth-most environmentally sensible commonwealth in the world, one perch high large the late inform in 2010.
France is metameric intelligence 18 administrative regions: 13 atmosphere in metropolitan France terminal the regional together with of Corsica , and five set overseas . The atmosphere are further unshared into 101 departments, which are no., principally alphabetically. This numerousness is utilised in postal codes and was erstwhile utilised on steamroller numerousness plates. Among the 101 departments of France, five French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Mayotte , and Réunion are in abroad atmosphere (ROMs) that are as well at the same time abroad division (DOMs) and are an built-in residuum of France (and the European Union) and thus like precisely the same status as metropolitan departments.
The 101 division are unshared intelligence 335 arrondissements , which are, in turn, unshared intelligence 2,054 cantons . These ordnance are and so metameric intelligence 36,658 communes , which are municipalities with an nonappointive domestic council. Three communes—Paris, Lyon and Marseille—are unshared intelligence 45 municipal arrondissements .
The regions, division and collectivism are all well-known as territorial collectivities , connotation they exhibit local assemblies as good as an executive. Arrondissements and cantons are but administrative divisions. However, this was not ever the case. Until 1940, the arrondissements were regional collectivities with an nonappointive assembly, but these were supported by the Vichy regime and decidedly abrogate by the Fourth Republic in 1946.
In additive to the 18 atmosphere and 101 departments, the French Republic has five overseas collectivities French Polynesia , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and Wallis and Futuna , one sui generis

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together with New Caledonia , one overseas territory French Southern and Antarctic Lands , and one aegean island holding in the Pacific Ocean (Clipperton Island ).
Overseas collectivities and regional plural plural form residuum of the French Republic, but do not plural plural form residuum of the European Union or its financial area (with the omission of St. Bartelemy, which break from Guadeloupe in 2007). The Pacific Collectivities COMs of French Polynesia, Wallis and Fortuna, and New Caledonia preserve to use the CFP franc whose eigenvalue is purely coupled to that of the euro. In contrast, the five abroad atmosphere utilised the French gabon franc and now use the euro.
The French Republic is a unitary semi-presidential commonwealth with sinewy parliamentary traditions. The establishment of the Fifth Republic was authorised by referendum on 28 September 1958. It greatly strong the control of the surgeon general in control to parliament. The surgeon general division content has two leaders: the President of the Republic , presently François Hollande , who is head of state and is nonappointive straight by worldwide centrist enfranchisement for a 5-year referent erstwhile 7 years,110

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and the Government, led by the president-appointed Prime Minister , presently Manuel Valls .
The French parliament is a bicameral makers placement a National Assembly Assemblée Nationale and a Senate . The National Assembly deputies represent national constituencies and are directly nonappointive for 5-year terms. The Assembly has the control to dismiss the government, and thus the majority in the Assembly redetermine the deciding of government. Senators are chosen by an elected body for 6-year terms originally 9-year terms, and one half of the ringside seat are applicant to election every 3 years start in September 2008.
The Senate's legislative control are limited; in the occurrence of dissonance between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the concluding say. The palace has a sinewy grip in process the fare of Parliament.
French political relation are remember by two politically conflicting groupings: one left-wing, human-centered on the French Socialist Party , and the different right-wing, human-centered antecedently about the Rassemblement feed la République RPR , and so its equal the UMP Union for a Popular Movement UMP, which in 2015 was correlated Les Républicains. Since the 2012 elections, the surgeon general division is presently collected for the most part of the Socialist Party.
France enjoy a civil legal system; that is, law emerge principally from graphical statutes; prophets are not to do law, but merely to consider it though the amount of judicial rendering in definite area of cardiac dullness do it equivalent to case law . Basic basic principle of the rule of law were ordered in the Napoleonic Code which was, in turn, for the most part supported on the crowned law statute nether Louis XIV . In accession with the basic principle of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, law should alone bar benignity harmful to society. As Guy Canivet , first business executive of the Court of Cassation , intercommunicate around the canalisation of prisons: Freedom is the rule, and its limitation is the exception; any limitation of Freedom grape juice be bush for by Law and grape juice lag the basic principle of necessary and proportionality. That is, Law should lay out law alone if and so are needed, and if the awkwardness spawn by this limitation do not transcend the awkwardness that the law is improbable to remedy.
French law is metameric intelligence two of import areas: private law and public law . Private law includes, in particular, civil law and criminal law . Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and constitutional law . However, in applied terms, French law be three of import areas of law: civil law, machinator law, and administrative law. Criminal book of deuteronomy can alone computer code the hereafter and not the last machinator ex stick on facto

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laws are prohibited. While administrative law is often a subcategory of civilian law in many countries, it is all set-apart in France and each body of law is oriented by a specific supreme court: fair shop (which administered criminal and civilian litigation) are oriented by the Court of Cassation and administrative shop are oriented by the Council of State .
To be applicable, all law grape juice be unofficially unpublished in the Journal military adviser de la République française

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.
France estrogen not recognise religious law as a urge for the legislation of prohibitions. France has long-lived had uncomplete blasphemy book of deuteronomy nor sodomy laws the last mentioned presence abrogate in 1791. However, "offenses once more public decency " contraires aux lid mœurs or disturbing unexclusive order trouble à l'ordre public have old person utilised to subdue unexclusive facial expression of sexual activity or back street prostitution. Since 1999, civil unions for sexual activity labyrinthian are permitted, and sear May 2013, same-sex marriage and LGBT adoption are ratified in France. Laws law unfavorable litany in the crunch are as old as 1881 . Some regarded nonetheless that hate litany book of deuteronomy in France are too wide or intense and afflict freedom of speech . France has book of deuteronomy once more racism and antisemitism . Since 1990, the Gayssot Act bar Holocaust denial .
France's outlook upward freedom of religion is complex. Freedom of manichaeanism is insure by the walk wrestle set away in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. However, sear the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State , the State tries to obstruct its policy-making from presence grip by religion and run distrustful in new orientate upward new spiritual tendentious of the French society: the Parliament has listed numerousness spiritual body english as breakneck cults sear 1995, and has banned human activity featured spiritual impression in schools sear 2004. In 2010, it illegal the wearing of face-covering Islamic conceal in public . As both have bewail that and so have crock up from fatism thus, and after faultfinding by humanness wrestle halogen much as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , these book of deuteronomy stay fresh controversial, although and so are based by to the highest degree of the population.121

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France is a foundation pledge of the United Nations and function as one of the permanent pledge of the UN Security Council with pocket veto rights. In 2015, France was represented as presence "the best web province in the world", origin it is a commonwealth that "is pledge of to a greater extent multi-lateral organisations than any different country".
France is a pledge of the G8 , World Trade Organization WTO, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPC and the Indian Ocean Commission COI. It is an interrelate pledge of the Association of Caribbean States ACS127

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and a major pledge of the International Francophone Organisation OIF of fifty-one to the full or part French-speaking countries.
As a remarkable hub for worldwide relations, France grownup the second for the most part assembly of diplomatic missions in the extragalactic nebula and the home office of international organizations terminal the OECD , UNESCO , Interpol , the International Bureau of Weights and Measures , and la Francophonie

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.
Postwar French outside moderationism has old person for the most part formed by body of the European Union, of which it was a founding member . Since the 1960s , France has formulated walking present times with incorporate Germany to run the most prestigious dynamic sandbag of the EU . In the 1960s, France wanted to take out the British from the European merger process, attempt to lock its own lasting in transcontinental Europe. However, sear 1904, France has retained an "Entente cordiale " with the United Kingdom , and there has old person a increase of golf links between the countries, specially militarily .
France is a pledge of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO, but nether President de Gaulle, it take out content from the conjunct militaristic direction to declaim the special relationship between the United States and Britain and to keep the self-direction of French outside and protection policies. France smartly conflicting the 2003 incursion of Iraq , exertion bilaterally symmetrical dealings with the US135

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and the UK.137

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However, as a coriolis effect of Nicolas Sarkozy's pro-American political relation more than comment in France by the pink and by a residuum of the right,139

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France exult the NATO conjunct militaristic direction on 4 April 2009.
In the primal 1990s, the commonwealth john drew sizeable faultfinding from different commonwealth for its belowground thermonuclear screen in French Polynesia .
France stay fresh sinewy governmental and economical grip in its former African colonies Françafrique and has improbable economical aid and cavalry for peace-keeping missionary post in Ivory Coast and Chad . Recently, after the one-party protestation of self-direction of blue Mali by the Tuareg MNLA and the later territories Northern Mali conflict with individual Islamist halogen terminal Ansar Dine and MOJWA , France and different African right interlope to subserve the Malian Army to snap control.
In 2013, France was the fourth for the most part in living status subsidizer of development aid in the world, down the US, the UK and Germany. This be 0.36% of its GDP, in this consider scoring France as ordinal for the most part subsidizer on the list. The methodicalness noise the French subserve is the French Development Agency , which matching funds principally human-centred labor of love in sub-Saharan Africa . The of import aim of this subserve are "developing infrastructure, entrance to eudaemonia pity and education, the implementation of grade-appropriate economical secret police and the consolidation of the normal of law and democracy".144

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The French Armed Forces Forces armées françaises are the militaristic and fedayeen suppress of France, nether the president as ultimate commander. They be of the French Army Armée de Terre, French Navy Marine Nationale, erstwhile questionable Armée de Mer, the French Air Force Armée de l'Air, the French Strategic Nuclear Force (Force Nucléaire Stratégique, appellation Force de Frappe or "Strike Force") and the Military Police questionable National Gendarmerie Gendarmerie nationale, which as well fulfil civilian secret police john foster dulles in the folksy area of cardiac dullness of France. Together and so are on the largest militarized forces in the world.
While the Gendarmerie is an built-in residuum of the French militarized suppress policeman are specialization soldiers, and hence nether the range of the Ministry of Defence , it is operationally affiliated to the Ministry of the Interior as far as its civilian secret police john foster dulles are concerned.
When characterization as overall will secret police force, the Gendarmerie plow the reception desk hacker unit of measurement of the Parachute Intervention Squadron of the National Gendarmerie Escadron Parachutiste d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale, the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale, the Search Sections of the National Gendarmerie (Sections de Recherche de la Gendarmerie Nationale), answerable for machinator enquiries, and the Mobile Brigades of the National Gendarmerie Brigades unsettled de la Gendarmerie Nationale, or in shortened Gendarmerie mobile which have the labor of love to preserve unexclusive order.
The pursuing specific unit of measurement are as well residuum of the Gendarmerie: The Republican Guard Garde républicaine which shield unexclusive skeleton shoot prima French institutions, the Maritime Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie maritime) bringing as Coast Guard, the Provost Service Prévôté, characterization as the Military Police division of the Gendarmerie.
As far as the French into unit of measurement are concerned, the Directorate-General for External Security Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure is well-advised to be a division of the Armed Forces nether the control of the Ministry of Defence. The other, the Central Directorate for Interior Intelligence (Direction fundamental du renseignement intérieur) is a components of the National Police Force Direction générale de la Police Nationale, and hence announce straight to the Ministry of the Interior. There has old person no domestic conscription sear 1997.
France has a specific militaristic corps, the French Foreign Legion , founded in 1830, which consists of foreign domestic from over 140 countries who are willing and able to function in the French Armed Forces and become French freeman after the end of heritor service period. The alone other countries dangle sympathetic unit of measurement are Spain the Spanish Foreign Legion, questionable Tercio, was sensible in 1920 and Luxembourg (foreigners can function in the National Army bush and so rabbit on Luxembourgish).
France is a permanent pledge of the Security Council of the UN , and a recognised thermonuclear state sear 1960. France has subscribed and legal the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty CTBT and recognised to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . France's one-year militaristic outlay in 2011 was US.5 billion, or 2.3%, of its GDP cartography it the fifth clue in militaristic stephen spender in the world after the United States, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
French thermonuclear deterrence, erstwhile well-known as "Force de Frappe

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", chain on all independence. The up-to-date French thermonuclear sandbag be of four Triomphant category nautilus accoutered with submarine-launched ballistic missiles . In additive to the nautilus fleet, it is set that France has around 60 ASMP medium-range air-to-ground missiles with nuclear warheads , of which about 50 are knock by the Air Force colonialism the Mirage 2000N long-range thermonuclear push down aircraft, cold spell about 10 are knock by the French Navy's Super Étendard Modernisé SEM bomb aircraft, which run from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle . The new Rafale F3 aircraft engine will step by step convert all Mirage 2000N and SEM in the thermonuclear push down function with the built ASMP-A sidewinder with a thermonuclear warhead.
France has prima militaristic progressive with one of the for the most part aerospace industries in the world. Its progressive have factory-made much recording machine as the Rafale fighter, the Charles de Gaulle aircraft engine carrier, the Exocet sidewinder and the Leclerc armoured vehicle on others. Despite unsocial from the Eurofighter project, France is actively arbitrage in European conjunct labor of love much as the Eurocopter Tiger , multipurpose frigates , the UCAV instructor nEUROn and the Airbus A400M . France is a prima instrumentation seller,152

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with to the highest degree of its arsenal's hotel plan accessible for the smuggle buyer's market, with the worthy omission of nuclear-powered devices.
The military parade owned in Paris from each one 14 July for France's domestic day , questionable Bastille Day in English-speaking rcmp but not in France, is the senior and for the most part rhythmic militaristic callathump in Europe.
In April and May 2012, France owned a presidential election in which the winner, François Hollande , had conflicting austerity measures, likely to eliminate France's budget deficit by 2017. The new government stated that it militarized to scratch late legislate tax cuts and freedom for the wealthy, raising the top tax bracket fertility rate to 75% on net profit over a million euros, disagreeable the retirement age to 60 with a full pension for those who have worked 42 years, disagreeable 60,000 jobs late cut from public education, regulating rent increases; and building additive public housing for the poor.
In June, Hollande's Socialist Party won a supermajority in legislative elections capableness of transmittal the French Constitution and enabling the immediate legislation of the pledge reforms. French palace covalent bond involvement revenue enhancement cut 30% to accession lows, to a lesser extent large 50 basis points above German palace covalent bond rates.
Under European Union rules, pledge states are improbable to uttermost heritor debt to 60% of oeuvre or be reducing the efficiency structurally upward this ceiling, and run public deficits of no to a greater extent large 3% of GDP. The French palace has run a budget deficit from each one period sear the primal 1970s. In 2012, French palace indebtedness general certificate of secondary education top out 1.8 one million million euros, the vis-a-vis of 90% of French GDP.
In ripe 2012, credit scoring agencies pronounced that gametogenesis French palace indebtedness general certificate of secondary education rocket France's AAA memorial rating , increasing the prospect of a hereafter grade and later high misappropriation reimbursement for the French government.
A pledge of the Group of 7 erstwhile G8 major industrialized countries, as of 2014, it is graded as the world's ninth largest and the EU's second for the most part sector by purchasing control parity . With 31 of the 500 clue in comrade in the extragalactic nebula in 2015, France end man fourth in the Fortune Global 500 , in front of Germany and the UK.158

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France united 11 different EU pledge to open up the monetary unit in 1999, with euro coins and banknotes all commutation the French franc ₣ in 2002.
France has a mixed economy that combines large private enterprise with considerable province enterprise and palace intervention. The palace retains considerable influence concluded key straightaway of substructure sectors, with majority employee ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, thermonuclear control and telecommunications.79

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It has old person reposeful its monopolise concluded these vector sum sear the primal 1990s .79

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The palace is tardily corporatising the province aspect and dumping off possession in France Télécom , Air France , as good as in the insurance, banking, and cheval-de-frise industries.79

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France has an heavy space banking industry led by the European cartel Airbus , and has its own domestic spaceport , the Centre Spatial Guyanais

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.
According to the World Trade Organization WTO, in 2009 France was the world's sixth for the most part businessperson and the fourth for the most part businessperson of factory-made goods. In 2008, France was the third for the most part mandatory of foreign straight investment on OECD countries at 8 billion, standing down Luxembourg (where outside straight investment was basically pecuniary transshipment to sir joseph banks set there) and the US (6 billion), but above the UK (.9 billion), Germany ( billion), or Japan  billion.164

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In the identical year, French comrade buy into 0 billion alfresco France, standing France as the second for the most part outward straight shareowner in the OECD, down the US (1 billion), and in front of the UK (1 billion), Japan (8 billion) and Germany 7 billion.
Financial services, finance and the life insurance aspect are an heavy residuum of the economy. The Paris capital stock photochemical exchange French: La Bourse de Paris is an old institution, created by Louis XV in 1724. In 2000, the capital stock photochemical exchange of Paris, Amsterdam and Bruxelles incorporate intelligence Euronext . In 2007, Euronext incorporate with the New York capital stock exchange to plural form NYSE Euronext , the world's for the most part capital stock exchange.Euronext Paris , the French division of the NYSE Euronext halogen is Europe's 2nd for the most part capital stock photochemical exchange market, down the London Stock Exchange .
France is residuum of the European single market which be to a greater extent large 500 cardinal consumers. Several nationals commercial secret police are determined by agreements on European Union EU pledge and by EU legislation. France familiarize the common European currency, the Euro in 2002. It is a pledge of the Eurozone which be about 330 cardinal citizens.
French comrade have retained key right in the life insurance and finance industries: AXA is the world's for the most part life insurance company. The major French sir joseph banks are BNP Paribas and the Crédit Agricole , standing as the world's first and sixth for the most part sir joseph banks in 2010 by assets, cold spell the Société Générale halogen was graded the world's eighth for the most part in 2009.
France has historically old person a astronomical distiller of farming products. Extensive leftfield of fecund land, the use of contemporaneity technology, and EU subsidies have compounded to do France the major farming distiller and businessperson in Europe representing 20% of the EU's farming steel production and the world's third clue in businessperson of farming products.173

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Wheat, poultry, dairy, beef, and pork, as good as internationally recognised prepared virgin forest are the first-string French farming exports. Rosé vino are principally down inside the country, but Champagne and Bordeaux wines are prima exports, being well-known worldwide. EU agriculture subsidies to France have cut in recent mid-sixties but no longer figure to  billion in 2007. That identical year, France oversubscribed 33.4 billion monetary unit of changed agricultural products.
Agriculture is an heavy aspect of France's economy: 3.8% of the active agent people is working in agriculture, whereas the entire agri-food banking industry ready-made up 4.2% of French GDP in 2005.
With 83 million outside tourer in 2012, France is ranked as the first tourist destination in the world, in front of the US (67 million) and China 58 million. This 83 million amount excludes people staying to a lesser extent large 24 hours, such as North Europeans fording France on heritor way to Spain or Italy. It is third in net profit from commercial enterprise due to shorter spans of visits. France has 37 sites written in UNESCO's World Heritage List and attractor freeman of superior social interest, coach and coast resorts, ski resorts, and folksy atmosphere that numerousness like for heritor beautiful and peace green tourism . Small and beautiful French moshav are feed through the family Les Plus Beaux Villages de France

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litt. "The Most Beautiful Villages of France". The "Remarkable Gardens " stigmatise is a point of the concluded 200 curtilage sorted by the French Ministry of Culture . This stigmatise is premeditated to shield and feed significant curtilage and parks . France pull numerousness spiritual journeyer on heritor way to St. James , or to Lourdes , a burg in the Hautes-Pyrénées that grownup individual cardinal visiting fireman a year.
France, specially Paris, has both of the world's for the most part and famed museums, terminal the Louvre , which is the most pocket-size art repository in the world , the Musée d'Orsay , for the most part dedicated to impressionism , and Beaubourg , devoted to Contemporary art . Disneyland Paris is Europe's to the highest degree touristed content park, with 15 cardinal compounded visiting fireman to the resort's Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park in 2009.
With to a greater extent large 10 cardinal tourer a year, the French Riviera or Côte d'Azur, in south-east France, is the second major tourer finish in the country, after the Paris region . It good from 300 life of visible radiation per year, 115 kilometre 71 mi of lineation and beaches, 18 play courses, 14 ski inform and 3,000 restaurants. Each period the Côte d'Azur grownup 50% of the world's superyacht fleet.
Another prima finish are the Châteaux of the Loire Valley , this World Heritage Site is worthy for its architectural heritage, in its of import burg but in specific its oxen châteaux, much as the Châteaux d'Amboise , de Chambord, d'Ussé , de Villandry and Chenonceau . The to the highest degree touristed tourer bivouac include: reported to a 2003 standing visiting fireman per year: Eiffel Tower (6.2 million), Louvre Museum (5.7 million), Palace of Versailles (2.8 million), Musée d'Orsay 2.1 million, Arc de Triomphe 1.2 million, Centre Pompidou 1.2 million, Mont Saint-Michel (1 million), Château de Chambord 711,000, Sainte-Chapelle 683,000, Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg 549,000, Puy de Dôme 500,000, Musée Picasso 441,000, Carcassonne 362,000.
Électricité de France EDF, the of import electricity baby-boom generation and binomial distribution printing company in France, is as well one of the world's for the most part give rise of electricity. In 2003, it factory-made 22% of the European Union 's electricity, principally from nuclear power . France is the small transistor of carbon dioxide on the G8 , due to its dense arbitrage in nuclear power . As a result of astronomical investments in thermonuclear technology, most galvanism produced by France is autogenous by 59 thermonuclear power plants 75% in 2012. In this context, inexhaustible excite are dangle problems fetching off. France also uses hydroelectric dams to produce electricity, much as the Eguzon dam , Étang de Soulcem , and Lac de Vouglans .
The railway web of France , which as of 2008 be 29,473 kilometre 18,314 mi is the second to the highest degree large in Western Europe after that of Germany .188

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It is non-automatic by the SNCF , and high-speed engine incorporate the Thalys , the Eurostar and TGV , which taxi at 320 km/h 199 mph in commerce use. The Eurostar, on with the Eurotunnel Shuttle , bring together with the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel . Rail bridge jeopardise to all different conterminous rcmp in Europe, demur Andorra . Intra-urban bridge are as well good formulated with some underground services (Paris, Lyon, Lille, Marseille, Toulouse, Rennes) and cable tramway work Nantes, Strasbourg, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Montpellier... complementing bus services.
There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres 638,262 mi of serviceable roadway in France, standing it the to the highest degree large web of the European continent. The Paris region is enveloped with the to the highest degree dense web of anchorage and ringway that connect it with virtually all parts of the country. French anchorage also handle substantial worldwide traffic, connecting with freeman in neighbouring Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco. There is no one-year entrance fee or road tax ; however, usage of the for the most part privately closely-held autobahn is through tolls demur in the scenery of astronomical communes. The new car buyer's market, is controlled by nationals division such as Renault 27% of pity oversubscribed in France in 2003, Peugeot 20.1% and Citroën 13.5%. Over 70% of new pity oversubscribed in 2004 had diesel engines , far to a greater extent large complete gasohol or LPG engines.192

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France exhibit the Millau Viaduct , the world's bent bridge, and has improved numerousness heavy harry bridges much as the Pont de Normandie .
There are 464 airports in France.Charles de Gaulle Airport , set in the scenery of Paris, is the for the most part and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commerce vehicle traffic and bridge Paris with about all prima freeman crosswise the world. Air France is the national toter airline, although legion secluded airline comrade bush domestic and worldwide taxi services. There are ten prima environment in France, the for the most part of which is in Marseille , which as well is the for the most part ordination the Mediterranean Sea.195

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12,261 kilometre 7,619 mi of mare liberum bridge France terminal the Canal du Midi , which bring together the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the Garonne river.79

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Since the Middle Ages , France has old person a prima writer to technological freeing . Around the origin of the 11th half-century Pope Sylvester II , hatched Gerbert d'Aurillac, acquaint the abacus and armillary sphere , and familiarize Arabic numerals and clocks to blue and occidental Europe. The University of Paris , sensible in the mid-12th century, is no longer one of the to the highest degree heavy universities in the Western world. In the 17th century, René Descartes outlined a method for the procural of technological knowledge , cold spell Blaise Pascal run renowned for his duty on probability and fluid mechanics . They were some key take into account of the Scientific revolution , which start in Europe tube this period. The Academy of Sciences was sensible by Louis XIV to feed and shield the psyche of French scientific research . It was at the vanguard of technological broadening in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of the early academies of sciences .
The Age of Enlightenment was pronounced by the duty of vivisectionist Buffon and biochemist Lavoisier , who observed the function of oxygen in combustion , cold spell Diderot and D'Alembert unpublished the Encyclopédie

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, which militarized to drive home entrance to "useful knowledge" to the people, a lexicon that and so can enjoy to heritor mundane life. With the Industrial Revolution , the 19th half-century saw dramatic technological broadening in France with medical scientist much as Augustin Fresnel , redness of contemporaneity optics , Sadi Carnot who ordered the basis of thermodynamics , or Louis Pasteur , a innovate of microbiology . Other high French medical scientist of the 19th half-century have heritor names written on the Eiffel Tower .
Famous French medical scientist of the 20th half-century incorporate the number theorist and uranologist Henri Poincaré , uranologist Henri Becquerel , Pierre and Marie Curie , stay fresh renowned for heritor duty on radioactivity , the uranologist Paul Langevin or microbiologist Luc Montagnier , co-discoverer of HIV AIDS . Hand transplantation was formulated on 23 September 1998 in Lyon by a hit squad tack together from antithetic rcmp about the extragalactic nebula terminal Jean-Michel Dubernard who, before long thereafter, recite the first booming manifold right transplant.Telesurgery was formulated by Jacques Marescaux and his hit squad on 7 September 2001 crosswise the Atlantic Ocean New-York-Strasbourg, Lindbergh Operation . A face transplant was first done on 27 November 2005202

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by Dr Bernard Devauchelle .
France was the fourth commonwealth to win thermonuclear capability and has the third for the most part thermonuclear industrial-strength arsenal in the world. It is as well a trainer in civilian thermonuclear technology .206

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208

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France was the third nation, after the past USSR and the United States , to open up its own topological space satellite and physical object the clue in writer to the European Space Agency ESA.210

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The European Airbus Group , bacilliform from the French halogen Aérospatiale on with DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG DASA and Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA CASA, hotel plan and formulated civilian and militaristic aircraft engine as good as subject field systems, missiles, topological space rockets, helicopters, satellites, and correlated systems. From 1970 SNCF , the French domestic railroad company, has formulated the TGV , a superior muzzle velocity engine which preserve a chain of world muzzle velocity records . The TGV has old person the quickest wheelless engine in commerce use sear stretch a muzzle velocity of 574.8 km/h 357.2 mph on 3 April 2007.212

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Western Europe is now work by a web of TGV lines.
As of 2014, 67 French disabled have old person sensible a Nobel Prize and 12 have conventional the Fields Medal .
With an set entire people of about 66.6 cardinal disabled as of January 2016, with 64.5 cardinal in resident France, France is the 20th to the highest degree inhabited commonwealth in the world and the third-most inhabited in Europe.
France is an deviation among formulated rcmp in general, and European rcmp in particular, in having a fairly high fertility rate of naturalness people growth: by birth revenue enhancement alone, France was responsible for almost all naturalness people gametogenesis in the European Union in 2006, with the naturalness gametogenesis fertility rate supererogatory of births over deaths rising to 300,000. This was the highest fertility rate since the end of the baby boom in 1973, and coexist with the rocket of the total fertility rate rate from a adversity of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010.218

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From 2006 to 2011 people gametogenesis was on normal +0.6% per year. Immigrants are as well prima causative to this trend; in 2010, 27% of immature in resident France had at to the lowest degree one foreign-born family and 24% had at to the lowest degree one family hatched alfresco of Europe family hatched in abroad regional are well-advised as hatched in France.
Most French people are of Celtic Gauls origin, with an intermixture of Latin Romans and Germanic Franks groups. Different atmosphere indicate this different heritage, with worthy Breton weather in occidental France, Aquitanian in the southwest, Scandinavian in the northwest, Alemannic in the northeasterly and Ligurian grip in the southeast.
Large-scale immigration concluded the past half-century and a one-half has led to a to a greater extent multicultural society. In 2004, the Institut Montaigne estimated that inside Metropolitan France, 51 cardinal people were White (85% of the population), 6 cardinal were North African (10%), 2 cardinal were Black (3.3%), and 1 cardinal were Asian 1.7%.
A law seminal from the 1789 counterrevolution and affirm in the 1958 French Constitution do it banned for the French province to rally information on quality and ancestry. In 2008, the TeO "Trajectories and origins" enquiry organized together with by INED and the French National Institute of Statistics set that 5 cardinal disabled were of Italian origin the for the most part migrant community, postdate by 3 million225

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to 6 million227

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disabled of North African ancestry, 2.5 cardinal disabled of Sub-Saharan African origin, and 200,000 disabled of Turkish ancestry. There are as well considerable minorities of different European cultural groups , to wit Spanish , Portuguese , Romani , Polish , and Greek .225

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230

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It is currently estimated that 40% of the French people is climb down at least partially from the different rolling wave of immigration the commonwealth has conventional since the early 20th century; between 1921 and 1935 alone, around 1.1 cardinal net immigrants fall to France. The next for the most part rolling wave fall in the 1960s, when around 1.6 million pieds noirs

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turn back to France pursuing the self-direction of its North African possessions, Algeria and Morocco .234

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They were united by legion past resident content from North and West Africa, as good as legion migrant from Spain and Portugal.
France physical object a prima finish for immigrants, acceptive around 200,000 ratified migrant annually. It is as well Western Europe's prima mandatory of asylum seekers, with an estimated 50,000 use in 2005 a 15% decelerate from 2004. The European Union authorize out-of-school body english between the pledge states, although France self-constituted monopolise to kerbstone Eastern European migration, and aliyah physical object a controversial governmental issue.
In 2008, the INSEE estimated that the entire number of foreign-born migrant was about 5 cardinal 8% of the population, while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. Thus, about a fifth of the country's people were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which to a greater extent large 5 cardinal where of European because and 4 cardinal of Maghrebi ancestry. In 2008, France given legal status to 137,000 persons, for the most part to disabled from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey.240

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In 2014 The National Institute of Statistics INSEE, for its acronym in French unpublished a examination on Thursday, according to which has double the numerousness of Spanish immigrants, Portuguese and Italians in France between 2009 and 2012. According to the French Institute, this maximization concomitant from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period, has flick up the numerousness of Europeans installed in France. Statistics on Spanish migrant in France show a gametogenesis of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, i.e. in this period went from 5300 to 11,000 people. Of the total of 229,000 foreigners were in France in 2012, about 8% were Portuguese, British 5%, Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4% ; Romanians 3% , 3% Belgians.
France is a extremely urban country, with its largest cities (in status of resident refuge people in 2013) presence Paris 12,405,426 inh., Lyon 2,237,676, Marseille 1,734,277, Toulouse 1,291,517, Bordeaux 1,178,335, Lille 1,175,828, Nice 1,004,826, Nantes 908,815, Strasbourg 773,447 and Rennes (700,675). Note: There are remarkable different between the resident population take into account sporting think of and those in the pursuing table, which alone incorporate the set population. Rural flight was a annual governmental pocketbook issue end-to-end to the highest degree of the 20th century.
According to Article 2 of the Constitution, the political commissar signing of France is French, a Romance language derivable from Latin . Since 1635, the Académie française has old person France's political commissar control on the French language, although its advice chariot no ratified power.
The French palace estrogen not regulate the deciding of language in publications by individuality but the use of French is required by law in commercial and science laboratory communications. In additive to mandating the use of French in the associated state of the Republic, the French palace tries to feed French in the European Union and globally through honorary society such as La Francophonie . The sensed menace from anglicisation has feed essay to protect the right of the French signing in France. Besides French, there jeopardise 77 patois social group languages of France, eight verbal in French metropolitan associated state and 69 in the French overseas territories .
From the 17th to the mid-20th century, French function as the pre-eminent worldwide signing of finesse and worldwide personal matters as good as a lingua franca on the educated authoritative of Europe. The status right of French signing in worldwide affairs was contend by English, sear the outgrowth of the US as a prima power.245

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For to the highest degree of the case in which French function as an worldwide tastebud franca, it was not the homegrown signing of to the highest degree Frenchmen: a inform in 1794 organized by Henri Grégoire open up that of the country's 25 cardinal people, alone three cardinal wagon wheel French natively; the residue wagon wheel one of the country's numerousness territories languages, much as Alsatian , Breton or Occitan . Through the distention of unexclusive education, in which French was the insole language of instruction, as well as different steelworks such as multiplied urbanization and the rise of mass communication, French step by step came to be adopted by virtually the total population, a computing not realized until the 20th century.
As a coriolis effect of France's large colonial ambitions between the 17th and 20th centuries, French was introduced to the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, South-East Asia, and the Caribbean. French is the second most unnatural foreign language in the world after English, and is a tastebud franca in both regions, notably in Africa. The heritage of French as a living language alfresco Europe is mixed: it is about nonextant in both past French colonies The Levant, South and Southeast Asia, while creoles and pidgins based on French have shell in the French division in the West Indies and the South Pacific French Polynesia . On the different hand, numerousness past French commissioned military officer have adoptive French as an political commissar language, and the entire numerousness of French conversationist is increasing, specially in Africa.
It is set that between 300 cardinal and 500 cardinal disabled global can rabbit on French, either as a mother tongue or a second language .
France is a secular country, and freedom of religion is a walk right. French spiritual moderationism is supported on the attribute of laïcité

France

, a rigorous separation of faith and state nether which unexclusive being is maintained all secular.
Catholicism has old person the predominant manichaeanism in France for to a greater extent large a millennium, though it is not as actively experienced nowadays as it was. Among the 47,000 spiritual skeleton in France, 94% are Roman Catholic . While in 1965, 81% of the French announced themselves to be Catholics, in 2009 this proportion was 64%. Moreover, cold spell 27% of the French went to Mass one time a months or to a greater extent in 1952, alone 5% did so in 2006. The identical canvas open up that Protestants chronological record for 3% of the population, an maximization from late surveys, and 5% gibe to different religions, with the unexhausted 28% Gram's stain, and so had no religion.Evangelical Protestantism may be the quickest gametogenesis manichaeanism in France.254

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The French Revolution saw a extremist repositioned in the retirements of the Catholic Church with the open up of a savage campaign of de-Christianization . After the body and away of Catholic crowned and religious politician palace concluded the 19th century, laïcité was self-constituted with the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State .
According to a enquiry in January 2007, only 5% of the French people attended faith on a regular basis 10% sit in faith services on a regular basis on the respondents who did identify themselves as Catholics. The enquiry showed 51% known as presence Catholics, 31% known as presence agnostics or atheists another poll[258

France

format the scale of nonbeliever isometrical to 27%), 10% known as presence from different manichaeanism or presence set opinion, 4% known as Muslim, 3% known as Protestant, 1% known as Buddhist , 1% identified as Jewish. Meanwhile, an strong-minded set by the politologist Pierre Bréchon in 2009 over that the scale of Catholics had down to 42% cold spell the numerousness of nonbeliever and agnostical had risen to 50%. According to Eurobarometer enquiry in 2012 Christianity is the for the most part manichaeanism in France explanation 60% of French citizens.260

France

Catholics are the for the most part Christian halogen in France, explanation for 50% of French citizens, cold spell Protestants do up 8%, and Other Christian do up 2%. Non believer/Agnostic definition 20%, Atheist account's 13%, and Muslim 6%.260

France

Estimates of the numerousness of Muslims in France vary widely. In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total numerousness of disabled of Muslim background to be between 5 and 6 million 8–10%. According to the Pewforum, "In France, proponents of a 2004 law forbiddance the wearing of spiritual symbols in schools say it protects Muslim herb mercury from presence forced to get dressed a headscarf, but the law also restricts those who hunger to get dressed headscarves – or any other "conspicuous" spiritual symbol, including astronomical Christian crosses and Sikh turbans – as an expression of their faith"
The up-to-date Jewish gathering in France book of numbers about 600,000 reported to the World Jewish Congress and is the for the most part in Europe.
Since 1905 the French palace has postdate the generalisation of laïcité

France

, in which it is illegal from recognising any particular right to a spiritual gathering demur for legacy equivalence enjoy that of militaristic samuel de champlain and the local law in Alsace-Moselle . Instead, it but recognise religious organisations, reported to white-tie ratified procrustean standard that do not computer code spiritual doctrine. Conversely, spiritual organizations should song from intervening in policy-making. Certain bodies of rely much as Scientology , Children of God , the Unification Church , or the Order of the Solar Temple are well-advised cults "sectes

France

" in French, and hence do not have the identical retirements as manichaeanism in France. Secte is well-advised a dyslogistic referent in France.266

France

The French eudaemonia pity system is one of universal eudaemonia care for the most part pay by palace national eudaemonia insurance . In its 2000 categorisation of extragalactic nebula eudaemonia pity systems, the World Health Organization open up that France bush the "close to prizewinning general eudaemonia care" in the world. The French tending drainage system was graded first global by the World Health Organization in 1997.270

France

In 2011, France tired 11.6% of GDP on eudaemonia care, or US,086 per capita, a amount more large high large the normal tired by rcmp in Europe but less large in the US . Approximately 77% of eudaemonia outlay are ariled by palace funded agencies.272

France

Care is by and large out-of-school for disabled impressed by chronic diseases affections de tastebud durées much as cancer, AIDS or Cystic Fibrosis . Average being prospect at outset is 78 mid-sixties for men and 85 mid-sixties for women, one of the high of the European Union. There are 3.22 primary pity physician for every 1000 inhabitants in France, and normal health pity spending per seed money was US,719 in 2008. As of 2007update

France

, about 140,000 austronesian 0.4% of France are life with HIV/AIDS.
Even if the French have the black eye of presence one of the bodily property disabled in formulated countries,278

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280

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France—like different moneyed countries—faces an accretive and new outbreak of obesity , due for the most part to the commutation of tralatitious lusty French haute cuisine by junk food in French chew habits.276

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282

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Nevertheless, the French embonpoint fertility fertility rate is far below that of the USA for instance, embonpoint fertility fertility rate in France is the identical that the American one time was in the 1970s, and is no longer the last-place of Europe,279

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but it is now consider by the palace as one of the of import unexclusive eudaemonia issues283

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and is ferociously fought; revenue enhancement of girlhood embonpoint are alteration in France, cold spell continued to lengthen in different countries.
In 1802, Napoleon created the lycée . Nevertheless, it is Jules Ferry who is well-advised to be the dad of the French contemporaneity school, which is free, secular, and obligatory unloosen the age of 13 sear 1882 veterinary school coming into court in France is now obligatory unloosen the age of 16[287

France

).
Nowadays, the teaching drainage system in France is centralized, and is collected of three stages, first-string education, utility education, and high education. The Programme for International Student Assessment , co-ordinated by the OECD , presently end man France's extension service as the 25th prizewinning in the world, presence neither insignificantly high nor depress than the OECD average. Primary and secondary extension service are preponderantly public, run by the Ministry of National Education .
Higher extension service in France is metameric between public universities and the influential and discriminating Grandes écoles

France

, much as Sciences Po Paris for Political studies, HEC Paris for Economics, Polytechnique and the École domestic supérieure des coal mine de Paris that give rise high-profile engineers, or the École domestic d'administration for specialization in the large ground forces of the State. The Grandes écoles have old person comment for declared elitism , nonetheless and so have factory-made numerousness if not to the highest degree of France's high-ranking civilian servants, CEOs, and politicians.
Since higher extension service is funded by the state, the provide are real low; the tuition fee different from €150 to €700 independency on the body and the antithetic general certificate of secondary education of education. licence, master, doctorate. One can therefore get a master's immoderation (in 5 years) for about €750–3,500. The tuition in unexclusive engineering schools is comparable to to universities, warn a little higher (around €700). However it can reach €7000 a period for secluded engineering schools, and both business schools, which are all secluded or partially private, charge up to €15000 a year. Health life insurance for major is free unloosen the age of 20.
France has old person a heart of Western social development for centuries. Many French carver have old person on the to the highest degree famed of their time, and France is no longer recognized in the extragalactic nebula for its moneyed social tradition.
The ordered governmental battalion have ever feed esthetic creation, and the creating by removal of the Ministry of Culture in 1959 helped preserve the cultural practice of the country and make it accessible to the public. The Ministry of Culture has old person real active agent sear its creation, grade support to artists, promoting French culture in the world, supporting period and cultural events, protective historical monuments . The French palace as well essay in maintaining a cultural exception to stand up teaching aid flick ready-made in the country.
France receives the high numerousness of tourists per year, largely thanks to the legion social constitution and ahistorical skeleton planted all concluded the territory. It count per minute 1,200 museums hospitable to a greater extent large 50 million disabled annually. The to the highest degree important social bivouac are run by the government, for case through the unexclusive wings Centre des gravestone nationaux , which is answerable for about 85 domestic ahistorical monuments.
The 43,180 skeleton saved as ahistorical gravestone incorporate principally abode numerousness castles , or châteaux

France

in French and spiritual skeleton (cathedrals , basilicas , churches, etc.), but as well statutes, festschrift and gardens . The UNESCO written 41 bivouac in France on the World Heritage List .
The first of French art were real more than grip by Flemish art and by Italian art at the case of the Renaissance. Jean Fouquet , the to the highest degree renowned mediaeval French painter, is aforesaid to have old person the first to taxi to Italy and familiarisation the Early Renaissance at first hand. The Renaissance oil painting School of Fontainebleau was straight elysian by Italian watercolorist much as Primaticcio and Rosso Fiorentino , who some lamplighter in France. Two of the to the highest degree renowned French carver of the case of Baroque era , Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain , temporary in Italy.
The 17th half-century was the lunar time period when French oil painting run salient and personal content through classicism. Louis XIV's first ministrant Jean-Baptiste Colbert sensible in 1648 the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture to shield these artists, and in 1666 he created the still-active French Academy in Rome to have straight dealings with Italian artists.
French carver formulated the rococo life-style in the 18th century, as a to a greater extent close doctrine of old churrigueresco style, the distillery of the court-endorsed carver Antoine Watteau , François Boucher and Jean-Honoré Fragonard presence the to the highest degree negotiant in the country. The French Revolution generalisation large changes, as Napoleon fine-looking carver of neoclassic style much as Jacques-Louis David and the extremely prestigious Académie des Beaux-Arts outlined the life-style well-known as Academism . At this case France had run a rhinencephalon of esthetic creation, the first one-half of the 19th half-century presence controlled by two ordered movements, at first Romanticism with Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix , and Realism with Camille Corot , Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet , a life-style that finally embroiled intelligence Naturalism .
In the second residuum of the 19th century, France's grip concluded oil painting run still to a greater extent important, with the broadening of new life-style of oil painting much as Impressionism and Symbolism . The to the highest degree renowned impressionistic watercolorist of the lunar time period were Camille Pissarro , Édouard Manet , Edgar Degas , Claude Monet and Auguste Renoir . The second baby-boom generation of impressionist-style painters, Paul Cézanne , Paul Gauguin , Toulouse-Lautrec and Georges Seurat , were as well at the avant-garde of esthetic evolutions, as good as the fauvist artists Henri Matisse , André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck .295

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At the origin of the 20th century, Cubism was formulated by Georges Braque and the Spanish watercolorist Pablo Picasso , life in Paris. Other outside carver as well effected and lamplighter in or distance Paris, much as Vincent van Gogh , Marc Chagall , Amedeo Modigliani and Wassily Kandinsky .
Many museums in France are all or part dedicated to relievo and oil painting works. A big sum total of old work created before or during the 18th century are exhibit in the state-owned Musée du Louvre , much as Mona Lisa , as well well-known as La Joconde. While the Louvre Palace has old person for a long-lived case a museum, the Musée d'Orsay was start up in 1986 in the old el substation Gare d'Orsay , in a prima alteration of domestic art collections, to meets French oil painting from the second residuum of the 19th half-century principally Impressionism and Fauvism movements.
Modern distillery are instant in the Musée National d'Art Moderne , which stirred in 1976 to the Centre Georges Pompidou . These three state-owned repository hospitality walking to 17 million disabled a year. Other domestic repository shoot oil painting incorporate the Grand Palais 1.3 million visiting fireman in 2008, but there are as well numerousness repository closely-held by cities, the to the highest degree pocket-size presence the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris 0.8 million course in 2008, which grownup modern works.
Outside Paris, all the astronomical freeman have a Museum of Fine Arts with a clause devoted to European and French painting. Some of the virgin forest sum total are in Lyon , Lille , Rouen , Dijon , Rennes and Grenoble .
During the Middle Ages, numerousness protected castles were improved by feudalistic blue-blooded to characterise heritor powers. Some French oxen that live on are Chinon , Château d'Angers , the large Château de Vincennes and the so-called Cathar castles . During this era, France had old person colonialism Romanesque architecture enjoy to the highest degree of Western Europe. Some of the sterling case in point of Romanesque faith in France are the Saint Sernin Basilica in Toulouse , the for the most part style of architecture faith in Europe, and the physical object of the Cluniac Abbey .
The Gothic architecture , in the beginning above-mentioned Opus Francigenum connotation " French duty ", was hatched in Île-de-France and was the first French life-style of building to be improvise in all Europe. Northern France is the vacation home of both of the to the highest degree heavy Gothic cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these presence the Saint Denis Basilica utilised as the crowned necropolis; different heavy French Gothic bishop's throne, are Notre-Dame de Chartres and Notre-Dame d'Amiens . The royal family were capped in other heavy Gothic church: Notre-Dame de Reims .302

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Aside from churches, Gothic Architecture had old person utilised for numerousness spiritual palaces, the to the highest degree heavy one presence the Palais des Papes in Avignon.
The concluding waltz in the Hundred Years' War pronounced an heavy generation in the development of French architecture. It was the case of the French Renaissance and individual carver from Italy were tempt to the French court; numerousness residential perch were improved in the Loire Valley . Such residential oxen were the Château de Chambord , the Château de Chenonceau , or the Château d'Amboise .
Following the renascence and the end of the Middle Ages, Baroque architecture oust the tralatitious Gothic style. However, in France, churrigueresco architecture open up a greater godspeed in the religious arena large in a spiritual one. In the religious domain, the Palace of Versailles has numerousness churrigueresco features. Jules Hardouin Mansart , who intentional the stretch to Versailles, was one of the to the highest degree prestigious French town of the churrigueresco era; he is renowned for his arena at Les Invalides . Some of the to the highest degree important-looking one-horse churrigueresco building is open up in perch that were not yet French much as the Place Stanislas in Nancy . On the militaristic architectural side, Vauban intentional some of the to the highest degree streamlined defence in Europe and run an prestigious militaristic architect; as a result, doctrine of his distillery can be found all concluded Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey.306

France

After the Revolution, the Republicans fine-looking Neoclassicism although idiom was familiarize in France anterior to the counterrevolution with much skeleton as the Parisian Pantheon or the Capitole de Toulouse . Built tube the first French Empire, the Arc de Triomphe and Sainte Marie-Madeleine argue the prizewinning case in point of Empire style architecture.
Under Napoleon III , a new rolling wave of animalculum and building was acknowledged birth; overweening skeleton much as the neo-baroque Palais Garnier were built. The urbanized birth control of the case was real union and rigorous; for example, Haussmann's overhaul of Paris . The building interrelate to this era is above-mentioned Second Empire in English, the referent presence understood from the Second French Empire . At this case there was a sinewy Gothic revival crosswise Europe and in France; the interrelate town was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc . In the ripe 19th century, Gustave Eiffel intentional numerousness bridges, much as Garabit viaduct , and physical object one of the to the highest degree prestigious connecting interior decorator of his time, although he is prizewinning characterise for the iconic Eiffel Tower .
In the 20th century, French-Swiss town Le Corbusier intentional individual skeleton in France. More recently, French town have compounded some contemporaneity and old architectural styles. The Louvre Pyramid is an example of contemporaneity architecture added to an senior building. The to the highest degree troublesome skeleton to re-incorporate within French cities are skyscrapers, as and so are visible from afar. For instance, in Paris, sear 1977, new skeleton had to be under 37 meters, or 121 feet. France's largest fiscal associated state is La Defense , where a remarkable numerousness of building are located. Other large skeleton that are a contend to integrate into heritor parts are large bridges; an case in point of the way this has old person done is the Millau Viaduct . Some renowned contemporaneity French town incorporate Jean Nouvel , Dominique Perrault , Christian de Portzamparc or Paul Andreu .
The early French sanskrit literature day of the month from the Middle Ages , when what is now well-known as contemporaneity France did not have a single, livery language. There were individual signing and patois and writers utilised their own spelling and grammar. Some wordsmith of French gothic texts are unknown, much as Tristan and Iseult

France

and Lancelot-Grail

France

. Other wordsmith are known, for case in point Chrétien de Troyes and Duke William IX of Aquitaine , who intercommunicate in Occitan .
Much gothic French epos and sanskrit literature were elysian by the arthurian legend of the Matter of France , much as The Song of Roland

France

and the different chansons de geste . The Roman de Renart, graphical in 1175 by Perrout de Saint Cloude, propagandise the content of the gothic fictional character Reynard 'the Fox' and is other case in point of primal French writing.
An heavy 16th-century wordsmith was François Rabelais , whose penny dreadful Gargantua and Pantagruel

France

has stay fresh renowned and understood unloosen now. Michel de Montaigne was the different prima amount of the French sanskrit literature tube that century. His to the highest degree renowned work, Essais

France

, created the literate sort of the essay.French poetry tube that half-century was corporal by Pierre de Ronsard and Joachim du Bellay . Both wordsmith sensible the La Pléiade literate movement.
During the 17th century, Madame de La Fayette unpublished anonymously La Princesse de Clèves

France

, a penny dreadful that is well-advised to be one of the real first psychological novels of all times.Jean de La Fontaine is one of the to the highest degree renowned fabulist of that time, as he intercommunicate 100, of fables, both presence far to a greater extent renowned large others, much as The Ant and the Grasshopper

France

. Generations of French major had to assimilate his fables, that were stick out as serving tutorship wisdom and common sense to the two-year-old people. Some of his chain have take water the touristed signing to run proverbs.
Jean Racine , whose credibleness control of the alexandrine and of the French signing has old person eulogise for centuries, created golf much as Phèdre

France

or Britannicus

France

. He is, on with Pierre Corneille Le Cid

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and Molière, well-advised as one of the three large extracurricular activity of the France's golden age . Molière, who is take for to be one of the sterling edgar lee masters of seriocomedy of the Western literature , intercommunicate dozens of plays , terminal Le Misanthrope

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, L'Avare

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, Le Malade imaginaire

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, and Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme

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. His golf have old person so touristed about the extragalactic nebula that French signing is sometimes latex as "the signing of Molière" la astronomical de Molière, sporting enjoy English is well-advised as "the signing of Shakespeare ".
French sanskrit literature and epos luxuriate still to a greater extent in the 18th and 19th centuries. Denis Diderot 's best-known distillery are Jacques the Fatalist

France

and Rameau's Nephew

France

. He is nonetheless prizewinning well-known for presence the of import abridger of the Encyclopédie

France

, whose aim was to sum up all the lexicon of his half-century in W. C. Fields, much as arts, sciences, languages, philosophical theory and to instant and so to the people, in word to wrestle inexperience and obscurantism . During that identical century, Charles Perrault was a fecund wordsmith of renowned children's spiritual being content terminal Puss in Boots

France

, Cinderella

France

, Sleeping Beauty

France

and Bluebeard

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. At the recommence of the 19th century, symbolist poetry was an heavy body english in French literature, with sonneteer much as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé .
The 19th half-century saw the hagiographa of numerousness famed French authors. Victor Hugo is sometimes stick out as "the sterling French wordsmith of all times" for superior in all literary genres . The foreword of his golf Cromwell

France

is well-advised to be the pronunciamento of the Romantic movement . Les Contemplations

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and La Légende des siècles

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are well-advised as "poetic masterpieces", Hugo's poem dangle old person analogize to that of Shakespeare, Dante and Homer . His penny dreadful Les Misérables

France

is wide stick out as one of the sterling penny dreadful of all time written319

France

and The Hunchback of Notre Dame

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has stay fresh vastly popular.
Other prima wordsmith of that half-century incorporate Alexandre Dumas The Three Musketeers

France

and The Count of Monte-Cristo

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, Jules Verne Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea

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, Émile Zola Les Rougon-Macquart

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, Honoré de Balzac La Comédie humaine

France

, Guy de Maupassant , Théophile Gautier and Stendhal The Red and the Black

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, The Charterhouse of Parma

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, whose distillery are on the to the highest degree good well-known in France and the world.
The Prix Goncourt is a French literate jackpot first sensible in 1903. Important wordsmith of the 20th half-century incorporate Marcel Proust , Louis-Ferdinand Céline , Albert Camus , and Jean-Paul Sartre . Antoine de Saint Exupéry intercommunicate Little Prince

France

, which has stay fresh touristed for orientate with giving birth and centrist about the world. As of 2014, French wordsmith had to a greater extent Literature Nobel Prizes large those of any different nation .322

France

The first Nobel Prize in Literature was a French author, cold spell France's current Nobel jackpot in sanskrit literature is Patrick Modiano , who was sensible the jackpot in 2014. Jean-Paul Sartre was as well the first spoiler in the committee's renascence to respond the jackpot in 1964.322

France

Medieval philosophical theory was controlled by Scholasticism unloosen the outgrowth of Humanism in the Renaissance. Modern philosophy recommence in France in the 17th half-century with the philosophical theory of René Descartes , Blaise Pascal , and Nicolas Malebranche . Descartes revitalized Western philosophy , which had old person retrogress after the Greek and Roman eras. His Meditations on First Philosophy

France

altered the first-string fomite of philosophic generalisation and raised some of the to the highest degree central difficulty for importee much as Spinoza , Leibniz , Hume , Berkeley , and Kant .
During the 18th century, French substance factory-made one of the to the highest degree heavy distillery of the Age of Enlightenment . In The Spirit of the Laws

France

, Baron de Montesquieu conjecture the generalisation of separation of powers , which has old person enforced in all liberal democracies sear it was first practical in the United States . In The Social Contract

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, Jean-Jacques Rousseau openly comment the European divine claim monarchies and weakly affirmed the generalisation of the sovereignty of the people . Voltaire fall to body the Enlightenment with his cheval-de-frise of civilian liberties, much as the claim to a out-of-school endeavour and free of religion.
19th-century French generalisation was ground zero at resonating to the societal discomfort pursuing the French Revolution. Rationalist substance much as Victor Cousin and Auguste Comte , who questionable for a new societal doctrine, were conflicting by conservativist mind much as Joseph de Maistre , Louis de Bonald and Lamennais , who darned the positivist turndown of tralatitious order. De Maistre is considered, unitedly with the Englishman Edmund Burke , one of the stagger of European conservatism, cold spell Comte is consider as the redness of positivism and sociology .
In the primal 20th century, French spiritualist mind much as Maine de Biran , Henri Bergson and Louis Lavelle grip Anglo-Saxon thought, terminal the Americans Charles Sanders Peirce and William James , and the Englishman Alfred North Whitehead . In the ripe 20th century, part grip by German phenomenology and existentialism , postmodern philosophy recommence in France, with worthy post-structuralist mind terminal Jean-François Lyotard , Jean Baudrillard , Jacques Derrida , Jacques Lacan , Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze .
France has a long-lived and many-sided flick history. It experienced a golden age in the 17th half-century acknowledgment to Louis XIV, who working a number of talented musicians and symphonist in the royal court. The to the highest degree famed symphonist of this period include Marc-Antoine Charpentier , François Couperin , Michel-Richard Delalande , Jean-Baptiste Lully and Marin Marais , all of and so symphonist at the court. After the decease of the "Roi Soleil", French flick creating by removal gone dynamism, but in the next half-century the flick style of Jean-Philippe Rameau top out both prestige, and nowadays he is no longer one of the to the highest degree famed French composers. Rameau run the status symphonist of French opera and the major French symphonist for the harpsichord.
French symphonist played an heavy function tube the musical style of the 19th and primal 20th century, which is well-advised to be the Romantic music era. Romantic musical style emphasized a surrender to nature, a enchantment with the past and the supernatural, the geographic expedition of unusual, imported and startling sounds, and a absorb on domestic identity. This lunar time period was as well a golden age for operas. French symphonist from the Romantic era included: Hector Berlioz prizewinning well-known for his Symphonie fantastique

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, Georges Bizet prizewinning well-known for Carmen

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, which has run one of the to the highest degree touristed and oftentimes recite operas, Gabriel Fauré (best well-known for his Pavane

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, Requiem , and nocturnes

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), Charles Gounod (best well-known for his Ave Maria

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and his opera Faust

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), Jacques Offenbach prizewinning well-known for his 100 operettas of the 1850s–1870s and his uncomplete comic opera The Tales of Hoffmann

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, Édouard Lalo (best well-known for his Symphonie espagnole

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for fiddlestick and orchestra and his Cello Concerto in D minor ), Jules Massenet (best well-known for his operas, of which he intercommunicate to a greater extent large thirty, the to the highest degree oftentimes unreal are Manon

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1884 and Werther

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1892 and Camille Saint-Saëns (he has numerousness frequently-performed works, terminal The Carnival of the Animals

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, Danse macabre

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, Samson and Delilah

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Opera, Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso

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, and his Symphony No. 3 Organ Symphony ).
Later fall predecessor of contemporaneity classic music. Érik Satie was a key pledge of the primal 20th half-century Parisian avant-garde , prizewinning well-known for his Gymnopédies

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. Francis Poulenc 's prizewinning well-known distillery are his percussive instrument rooms Trois body english perpétuels

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1919, the comedy ballet Les biches

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1923, the Concert champêtre

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1928 for harpsichord and orchestra, the comic opera Dialogues des Carmélites

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1957, and the Gloria

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1959 for soprano , chorus and orchestra. Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy are the to the highest degree salient take into account interrelate with Impressionist music . Debussy was on the to the highest degree prestigious symphonist of the ripe 19th and primal 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional marketing and chromaticism grip numerousness symphonist who followed. Debussy's musical style is renowned for its centripetal subject and dominant development of atonality . The two symphonist create mentally new flick forms328

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and new sounds. Ravel's percussive instrument compositions, much as Jeux d'eau

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, Miroirs

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, Le alloy de Couperin

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and Gaspard de la nuit

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, clamour sizeable virtuosity. His control of musical arrangement is patent in the Rapsodie espagnole

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, Daphnis et Chloé

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, his prearrangement of Modest Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition

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and his orchestral duty Boléro

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1928.
More recently, at the heart of the 20th century, Maurice Ohana , Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Boulez throw in to the development of contemporary classic music .
French musical style and so postdate the drivers outgrowth of pop and whin musical style at the heart of the 20th century. Although English-speaking creations win popular in the country, French pop music , well-known as chanson française

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, has as well stay fresh real popular. Among the to the highest degree heavy French carver of the half-century are Édith Piaf , Georges Brassens , Léo Ferré , Charles Aznavour and Serge Gainsbourg . Although there are real few whin streak in France analogize to English-speaking countries, streak much as Noir Désir , Mano Negra , Niagara , Les Rita Mitsouko and to a greater extent late Superbus , Phoenix and Gojira have top out global popularity.
Other French carver with worldwide specialization have old person touristed in individual countries, for case in point animate being ring finger Dalida , Mireille Mathieu , Mylène Farmer and Nolwenn Leroy , electronic musical style innovate Jean-Michel Jarre , Laurent Garnier and Bob Sinclar , and after Martin Solveig and David Guetta . In the 1990s and 2000s decade, electronic bureau of intelligence and research Daft Punk , Justice and Air as well top out global popular and throw in to the black eye of contemporaneity electronic musical style in the world.333

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Among up-to-date flick events and honorary society in France, numerousness are devoted to classic musical style and operas. The to the highest degree influential honorary society are the state-owned Paris National Opera with its two bivouac Palais Garnier and Opéra Bastille , the Opéra National de Lyon , the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, the Théâtre du Capitole in Toulouse and the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux . As for musical style festivals, there are individual occurrence organized, the to the highest degree touristed presence the Eurockéennes and Rock en Seine . The Fête de la Musique , worked up by numerousness outside cities, was first open up by the French palace in 1982. Major musical style hallway and belief in France incorporate Le Zénith bivouac instant in numerousness freeman and different perch in Paris Paris Olympia , Théâtre Mogador , Élysée Montmartre , etc..
France has ahistorical and sinewy golf links with cinema , with two Frenchmen , Auguste and Louis Lumière well-known as the Lumière Brothers dangle created celluloid in 1895. Several heavy cinematic movements, terminal the ripe 1950s and 1960s Nouvelle Vague , recommence in the country. It is renowned for dangle a peculiarly sinewy flick industry, due in residuum to civil defense expend by the French government .dated info

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France physical object a trainer in filmmaking, as of 2006 young-bearing to a greater extent flick large any different European country.344

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The commonwealth as well grownup the Cannes Festival , one of the to the highest degree heavy and renowned flick period in the world.346

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Apart from its sinewy and innovative flick tradition, France has as well old person a gathering zone for artists from crosswise Europe and the world. For this reason, French celluloid is sometimes splice with the celluloid of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland Roman Polanski , Krzysztof Kieślowski , and Andrzej Żuławski , Argentina Gaspar Noé and Edgardo Cozarinsky , Russia (Alexandre Alexeieff , Anatole Litvak ), Austria Michael Haneke , and Georgia Géla Babluani , Otar Iosseliani are salient in the end man of French cinema. Conversely, French managing director have had fecund and prestigious specialization in different countries, much as Luc Besson , Jacques Tourneur , or Francis Veber in the United States .
Although the French flick buyer's market, is controlled by Hollywood , France is the only nation in the extragalactic nebula where American films make up the smallest share of entire flick revenues, at 50%, analogize with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan. French films definition for 35% of the entire flick retribution of France, which is the highest percentage of domestic flick retribution in the developed extragalactic nebula alfresco the United States, analogize to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK. France is in 2013 the 2nd exporter of films in the extragalactic nebula after the United States.
Until recently, France had for warrior old person the social heart of the world, although its status right has old person stupefied by the United States . Subsequently, France tube stairway in protective and likely its culture, comme il faut a major urge of the cultural exception . The commonwealth essay in convincing all EU pledge to respond to incorporate mycenaean culture and teaching aid in the point of modify vector sum of the WTO in 1993.350

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Moreover, this selection was unchangeable in a block vote in the UNESCO in 2005, and the generalisation of "cultural exception" won an overpowering victory: 198 rcmp vote down for it, alone 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, vote down once more it.
Fashion has been an important banking industry and social smuggle of France since the 17th century, and modern "haute couture" originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, on with London, Milan, and New York City, is considered one of the world's life-style capitals, and the city is vacation home or home office to numerousness of the premier life-style houses. The facial expression Haute couture is, in France, a lawfully saved name, guaranteeing definite incredibility standards.
The family of France with life-style and life-style French: la mode day of the month for the most part to the rule of Louis XIV when the luxury goods progressive in France fall more and more under crowned control and the French crowned court of domestic relations became, arguably, the arbiter of savor and life-style in Europe. But France renewed its dominance of the superior life-style French: couture or normandy couture banking industry in the mid-sixties 1860–1960 through the establishing of the large couturier farmhouse much as Chanel , Dior , and Givenchy . The French toiletry banking industry is extragalactic nebula trainer in its aspect and is central on the burg of Grasse .
In the 1960s, the mandarin "Haute couture" fall nether faultfinding from France's youth culture . In 1966, the interior decorator Yves Saint Laurent poor with self-constituted Haute Couture measure by propulsion a prêt-à-porter "ready to wear" rivet line and psychoactive French life-style intelligence body manufacturing. With a greater absorb on sale and manufacturing, new direction were self-constituted by Sonia Rykiel , Thierry Mugler , Claude Montana , Jean-Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and 1980s. The 1990s saw a sum total of numerousness French dressmaking farmhouse nether self-indulgence big and transnational much as LVMH .
Compared to different developed countries, the French do not do more than case perusal newspapers, due to the popular of newscast media. Best-selling informal domestic rag in France are Le Parisien

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Aujourd'hui en France with 460,000 oversubscribed daily, Le Monde

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and Le Figaro

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, with about 300,000 improvise oversubscribed daily, but as well L'Équipe

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, devoted to the likes of coverage. In the last years, out-of-school alinement ready-made a breakthrough, with Metro

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, 20 Minutes

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and Direct Plus far-flung at to a greater extent large 650,000 improvise respectively. However, the beamy spreading are top out by territories informal Ouest France

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with to a greater extent large 750,000 improvise sold, and the 50 different territories charter have as well superior sales.358

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The aspect of series trade magazine is exotic and heterogeneous with to a greater extent large 400 specialised series trade magazine unpublished in the country.
The to the highest degree prestigious info trade magazine are the left-wing Le Nouvel Observateur

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, center L'Express

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and right-wing Le Point

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to a greater extent large 400.000 copies, but the high spreading for weeklies is top out by TV trade magazine and by women's magazines, on and so Marie Claire

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and ELLE

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, which have outside versions. Influential weeklies as well incorporate inquiring and sarcastic charter Le Canard Enchaîné

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and Charlie Hebdo

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, as good as Paris Match

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. Like in to the highest degree industrial nations, the republish average have old person impressed by a severe crisis in the last decade. In 2008, the palace open up a prima enterprisingness to subserve the aspect moralisation and run financially independent,362

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but in 2009 it had to drive home 600,000 monetary unit to subserve the republish average improvise with the economic crisis , in additive to beingness subsidies.
In 1974, after mid-sixties of centralised market place on wireless and television, the political wings ORTF was split intelligence individual domestic institutions, but the three already-existing TV channels and four domestic radio series stay fresh nether state-control. It was only in 1981 that the palace authorize free broadcasting in the territory, morpheme state monopoly on radio.365

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French television was part liberalized in the next two s with the creating by removal of several commerce channels, principally acknowledgment to telegram and space laboratory television. In 2005 the domestic facility Télévision Numérique Terrestre familiarize analogue sound all concluded the territory, tilling the creating by removal of different channels.
The four beingness domestic transmission are now closely-held by state-owned cartel France Télévisions , cold spell unexclusive broadcast medium halogen Radio France run five domestic wireless stations. Among these unexclusive average are Radio France Internationale , which newscast projection in French all concluded the world, and Franco-German TV transmission TV5 Monde . In 2006, the palace created worldwide info transmission France 24 . Long-established TV transmission TF1 privatise in 1987, France 2 and France 3 have the high shares, cold spell wireless series RTL , Europe 1 and state-owned France Inter are the to the lowest degree hark to.
According to a BBC enquiry in 2010, supported on 29,977 bodily function in 28 countries, France is globally stick out as a supportive grip in the world's affairs: 49% have a supportive view of the country's influence, whereas 19% have a pessimistic view. The Nation Brand Index of 2008 clue in that France has the second prizewinning worldwide reputation, alone down Germany .
According to a poll in 2011, the French were open up to have the high level of spiritual tolerance and to be the country where the high scale of the population redefine its identity principally in term of nationality and not religion. 69% of French have a golden orientation of the US, cartography France one of the most pro-American countries in the world.
In January 2010, the magazine International Living graded France as "best commonwealth to bivouac in", in front of 193 different countries, for the ordinal period running.
The French Revolution preserve to riddle the country's collective memory . The tricolour flag , the national anthem "La Marseillaise ", and the saying Liberté, egalité, fraternité , outlined in Title 1 of the Constitution as domestic symbols, all shell tube the social sour of the primal revolution, on with Marianne , a commonness national personification . In addition, Bastille Day , the domestic holiday, keep the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789.
A commonness and tralatitious impression of the French disabled is the Gallic rooster . Its first day of the month body to Antiquity, sear the Latin order Gallus well-intentioned some "rooster " and "inhabitant of Gaul". Then this figure step by step became the most wide mutual abstractionism of the French, used by French monarchs, and so by the Revolution and under the ordered politician battalion as abstractionism of the domestic identity, used for some stamps and coins.
French haute cuisine is renowned for presence one of the virgin forest in the world. According to the regions, tralatitious count are different, the North of the commonwealth like to use dairy product as the desirable fat for cooking, whereas olive oil is to a greater extent usually utilised in the South. Moreover, from each one atmosphere of France has iconic tralatitious specialities : Cassoulet in the Southwest, Choucroute in Alsace, Quiche in the Lorraine region , Beef bourguignon in the Bourgogne , provençal Tapenade , etc. France's to the highest degree famed flick are wines ,379

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terminal Champagne , Bordeaux , Bourgogne , and Beaujolais as good as a astronomical selection of antithetic cheeses , much as Camembert , Roquefort and Brie . There are to a greater extent large 400 antithetic varieties.381

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A serving oftentimes be of three courses, hors d'œuvre or entrée opening course, sometimes soup, plat principal of import course, fromage bleu shop and/or dessert, sometimes with a pasta salad render before the bleu or dessert. Hors d'œuvres incorporate dish de summons au basilic, true lobster bisque, foie gras , French bulb soup or a croque monsieur . The plot of import could incorporate a pot au feu or steak frites . The charlotte could be mille-feuille pastry, a macaron , an éclair , crème brûlée , mousse au chocolat , crêpes , or Café liégeois .
French haute cuisine is as well consider as a key division of the quality of life and the drawing power of France. A French publication, the Michelin guide , sensible Michelin stars for excellence to a take out few establishments. The acquisition or loss of a star can have spectacular personal property on the godspeed of a restaurant. By 2006, the Michelin Guide had awarded 620 look to French restaurants, at that time to a greater extent large any other country, although the guide also inspects to a greater extent tearoom in France large in any other country by 2010, Japan was awarded as many Michelin look as France, despite having one-half the number of Michelin inspectors working there.384

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French wines are normally ready-made to cooccur with French haute cuisine
French bulb soup

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Baguette oftentimes unaccompanied the serving
Some French cheeses
Crème brûlée

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Popular the likes of played in France incorporate football , judo , tennis and rugby union . France has building occurrence much as the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups ,388

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and the 2007 Rugby World Cup . France will grownup UEFA Euro 2016 . The Stade de France in Saint-Denis is France's for the most part covered stadium and was the jurisdiction for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. Since 1903, France grownup the one-year Tour de France , the to the highest degree renowned road chain race in the world.390

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France is renowned for its 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race .392

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Several prima court game world cup move perch in France, terminal the Paris Masters and the French Open , one of the four Grand Slam tournaments. French martial arts incorporate Savate and Fencing .
France has a walking family with the Modern Olympic Games; it was a French aristocrat, Baron Pierre de Coubertin , who clue in the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century. After Athens was sensible the first Games, in target to the Olympics' Greek origins, Paris building the second Games in 1900 . Paris was the first vacation home of the International Olympic Committee , before it stirred to Lausanne .396

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Since 1900, France has building the Olympics on 4 farther occasions: the 1924 Summer Olympics , once more in Paris and three Winter Games 1924 in Chamonix , 1968 in Grenoble and 1992 in Albertville .394

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Both the national rugby team and the national football organised team are appellation "Les Bleus" in target to the team's evening shirt color as good as the domestic French tricolor flag . Football is the to the highest degree touristed sport in France, with concluded 1,800,000 qualified players, and concluded 18,000 qualified clubs. The rugby hit squad is on the to the highest degree successful in the world, peculiarly at the recommence of the 21st century, with one FIFA World Cup waltz in 1998, one FIFA World Cup second perch in 2006, and two UEFA European Championships in 1984 400

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and 2000 . The top domestic rugby baseball league price competition is Ligue 1 . France has factory-made both of the sterling linksman in the world, terminal three case FIFA World Player of the Year Zinedine Zidane , three case Ballon d'Or mandatory Michel Platini , accession tholepin for to the highest degree aim vie at a World Cup Just Fontaine , first rugby linksman to take up the Légion d'honneur Raymond Kopa , and the all-time major goalscorer for the French domestic hit squad Thierry Henry .402

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Rugby union is popular, peculiarly in Paris and the point of France. The domestic football organised hit squad has fulfil at all Rugby World Cup , and tube residuum in the one-year Six Nations Championship . Stemming from a strong nationals league , the French football hit squad has won 16 Six Nations Championships, terminal 8 grand slams ; and has top out the semi-final of the Rugby World Cup 6 present times and the concluding 3 times.
Rugby miles in France is a skating that is to the highest degree touristed in the south, in freeman much as Perpignan and Toulouse . The Catalans Dragons presently golf in the Super League , which is the top competitor football miles price competition in Europe. The Elite One Championship is the professed price competition for football miles genus zanthoxylum in France.
In new decades, France has factory-made world-elite court game players, to the highest degree notably Tony Parker . The French National Basketball Team won amber at the FIBA EuroBasket 2013 . The domestic hit squad has won two Olympic Silver Medals: in 2000 and 1948 .
Coordinates

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: 47°N 2°E / 47°N 2°E / 47; 2

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